Political Ideas Stemming from Darwinism - 624 Words

At the turn of the 20th century American citizens were faced with many inequalities and progressivism emerged as an evolutionary political response. People who considered themselves â€Å"progressives† championed many different types of changes but the fundamental tenet of any progressive was the idea that the central role of any government was to improve the quality of life for everyday citizens. Before progressives became a powerful political force the main political ideas stemmed from Darwinist views, that is to say that the survival of the fittest was the natural order of life. This Darwinian way of thinking applied to all aspects of life, social, political, and economic. The reasoning was that if good was to be done for the common man than it should be done at the behest of private influence. Progressives needed a strong leader to support their positions and were it not for the untimely assassination of President McKinley they might have had to wait years longer. Presiden t McKinley’s successor, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., was exactly the strong leader that they needed to help combat the inequalities of the day. Theodore, or â€Å"Teddy†, was not alone in influencing the growth of progressive influence. Many of the inequalities would have never been brought to light, and the progressive movement would have been hindered, had it not been for journalists exposing what was going on. Teddy popularized the term â€Å"Muckraker†, used to refer to these investigative journalists, by mentioningShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of A Paradigm Shift1640 Words   |  7 PagesMicheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others1 in the vein of Thomas S. Kuhn2 (as opposed to the very gradual process of disciplinary development in evolutionary science described in nuance by Ruse, albeit with the same revolutionary interpretation present3). Coyne likewiseRead MoreThe Ameri can Revolution And The Declaration Of Freedom From The British Crown Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesEven though many would deem the American Revolution and the declaration of freedom from the British crown as the most successful moment in United States history, a majority of America’s true prosperity stems from the economic boom between the 1870s and early 1900s. During this time, many aspects of the working, middle, and upper classes began to change, and the differences that existed between them started to proliferate to previously unknown standards (Carnes and Garraty, 481). However, it is believedRead MoreThe Enlightenment Set the Stage for New Imperialism1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nations entailed the exploitation of their controlled state. Gestating from the change in control of Asian and African nations to the Europeans by means of political deviance, malicious sieges, and strategic military attacks. The juxtaposition to the modern equivalent endures as the afores aid is sheltered by the fairytale that these nations were in need of aid and by doing so the Europeans were the good guys. The ideas of new imperialism are greatly influenced by those of the enlightenment. TakingRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1356 Words   |  6 PagesWar II, the world witnessed unspeakable acts of violence, particularly that of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a mass genocide primarily of, but not limited to, the Jewish population in Germany, and other countries that were controlled by Germany. From 1941 to 1945, the Jews were targeted and methodically murdered because of Hitler’s views of his Utopian society made up of an Aryan a race. Hitler fought to create this society through creating an anti-Semitic movement, his motivation and thirst forRead MoreAdolf Hitler: A Political Theorist1619 Words   |  7 PagesMost would not recognize Adolf Hitler of being a political theorist, due to the fact of the horrific events that transpired under his c ontrol. However, he indeed was one for better or worse. His views about the political world were extreme to say the least and he often wrote his theories in need or due to circumstance (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/kampf.htm. His views were mostly formed in three time periods of his life (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/kampfRead MoreDurkheim’s Theory of Anomie and Marx’s Theory of Alienation Essay2757 Words   |  12 Pagesconcepts’ similarities, differences and origins. The present-day solutions in use such as trade unions, nihilism and religion also warrant exploration. Both of these theories are put forward by the authors as the central problem of modernity which arose from the move to a capitalist state in Marx’s view and the move to an industrial state in Durkheim’s view. It is worth noting that these notions are fundamentally opposed when trying to address the same issue, which brings up the central argument of thisRead MoreEssay about Horror and Tragedy in The Congo3980 Words   |  16 Pagesand throughout Africa. Understanding the roots and causes of this event, as focused through the lense of the Congo, is the subject of this paper. Primarily this paper will investigate the massacre of more than 10 million the Congolese by Leopold from 1885 and 1908. Although this is a massacre on the scale of the Jewish Holocaust dimensions, which began only thirty years later, little is told today about the injustices that took place. This event is not discussed within the standard litany of ourRead MoreWhat Are Some Common Misconceptions Of People With Psychiatric Disability?3236 Words   |  13 Pagesdiscretionary regarding excluding PWDs. Baynton (2005, p . 33) notes that the original 1882 law wording was â€Å"any lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge,† changing the phrase in the 1891 law from â€Å"unable† to â€Å"likely to become a public charge.† Americans began to realize that the ideal of furnishing an asylum for all the world’s oppressed was coming into conflict with changed economic and social conditions. The cold facts were that the supplyRead MoreBlack Naturalism and Toni Morrison: the Journey Away from Self-Love in the Bluest Eye8144 Words   |  33 Pagesstudents were unaware of it, in a sense what they were questioning from the standpoint of literary criticism is not only the theory of postmodernism with its emphasis on race, class and gender, but the theory of naturalism as well: the idea that one s social and physical environments can drastically affect one s nature and potential for surviving and succeeding in this world. In this article, I will explore Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I willRead MoreHow Does The Medical Model Have Power?4335 Words   |  18 Pagessociology (Gabe, J. and Elston, M. A.2004). I will then compare the medical model with the social model and consider the effect they have on professionalism and dependency and I will discuss the binaries in the medical and social model plus the political, cultural and econo mic impact in the society. I will discuss the limitations, policy, guidelines and legislations and how the medical model of disability can contribute to social exclusion, segregation and discrimination, and then look at how this

Federalism Essay - 1668 Words

Federalism Federalism is a system of government that divides power between a national government and a regional government with the use of a constitution. Throughout the United States history, federalism has played a significant role in the constitution and the system of government adopted by the United States of America. Federalism has also changed throughout the course of Americas history to fit the constitution and the government. Montesquieu was a French philosopher who was very important in the American constitutional thought. He was a man who was referred to more that any other theoretical writer and wrote, The Spirit of the Laws. Some of Montesquies theories or views were that the Republic form of government was only†¦show more content†¦He also believed that a right is of two kinds-- power and property. Hume was a man that was lead by the influence of John Locke and George Berkeley. Hume also believed that we should just keep and improve our ancient governments; hence, we prevent any new radical forms of government. Federalism was incorporated in the constitution for many different reasons. One of the main reasons federalism was added was to prevent the new form of government in the United States after the Articles of Confederation of abusing its powers. Under federalism, state governments and the national governments would have specific limit, and rights. Some of the limits and rights on the national government were the right of habeus corpus, and control of interstate commerce. States could not tax imports and exports, could not impair obligation of contracts. Federalism was created to ensure both separate governments certain privileges. The Framers of the Constitution believed that the competition between both of the governments would create an effective limitation on each governments power. The Federalist Papers, numbers forty-five and forty-six, were written by James Madison and supported some of the ideas of federalism in them. In Feder alist Papers 45, Madison wrote about The Alleged Danger from the Powers of the Union to the State Governments.Show MoreRelatedFederalism And The Other Federalism849 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve researched different texts and different information on the topic of federalism to have a good understanding and knowledge of it. I found many sources of great information to learn about federalism and how it influences many countries in the world that we know today. My goal in this paper is to give a good understanding to what I’ve learned and give great detail on federalism and the other Federalism is when two or more levels of governments share the same power over theRead MoreEssay on Federalism1371 Words   |  6 PagesFederalism Federalism is a widely accepted system of government in North American cultures. To many North Americans it seems to be the obvious choice for all world governments, but this is not the case. In all honesty, federalism is a fairly unique form of government. Out of approximately two hundred nations on the earth one hundred and eighty states practice unitary forms of government, leaving only twenty or so as federal nations (Winchester, 1999). Unitary forms of government consistRead MoreDifferences Between Dual Federalism And Cooperative Federalism969 Words   |  4 Pagesdual federalism and cooperative federalism? Be sure to fully address what federalism is and why it was created. 1000 words. Dual federalism is a term used to describe a circumstance in which national and state governments are sovereign and equal within their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority. Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the national and non-national governments. Cooperative Federalism is a model of federalism in whichRead MoreFederalism in India3277 Words   |  14 PagesFEDERALISM IN INDIA Federalism is a basic feature of the Constitution of India in which the Union of India is permanent and indestructible. Both the Centre and the States are co-operating and coordinating institutions having independence and ought to exercise their respective powers with mutual adjustment, respect, understanding and accommodation. Tension and conflict of the interests of the Centre and the respective units is an integral part of federalism. Prevention as well as amelioration of conflictsRead MoreFederalism Essay1956 Words   |  8 PagesFederalism The Constitution of the United States was drafted at a time when our country was in dire need of many answers to political and social questions. In addition to many other things, the drafters of the Constitution were concerned with solidifying our central government and the Constitution was intended to provide a solid structure from which our burgeoning nation could grow. The Constitution gave explicit powers to the federal government and provided the states with the Tenth AmendmentRead MoreFederalism Is Considered Centralized, Or Contrarily Decentralized Federalism?1881 Words   |  8 PagesFederalism can be perceived as quite complicated although, when explained can be quite simple. Its basic definition is that it is the share of powers between national and subnational governments. Canadian federalism was born along with the country in 1867 and has prospered ever since. Canada as a federation has evolved tremendously since its early years where it mostly started as a centralized s tate. After the World Wars, Canada progressed to become the decentralized country we know today. The resultsRead MoreFederalist And Dual Federalism1257 Words   |  6 Pagesthe individual states, most policy more closely reflected the peoples of the region. When it became clear that the Articles of Confederation were no longer working for America, the Federalists proposed a new system of Federalism, later named Dual Federalism, or â€Å"Layer Cake† Federalism. That system was based on the premise that there are two distinct, separate spheres of government, national and state. That new Federalist system of government based on the Federalist party ideals featured a strongerRead MoreFederalism Vs. Cooperative Federalism1148 Words   |  5 PagesFederalism is a critically important concept in helping to understanding the American political system. The Founding Fathers of the United States had to answer important questions on how to handle power and responsibility between the s tates and national government. They did not want to have a situation where the federal government had all the power. They had just fought a war against Britain because of that idea. However, they did not want each individual state doing essentially whatever they wantedRead MoreFederalism Vs. Cooperative Federalism1469 Words   |  6 PagesRight now the current form of Federalism that the United States uses today is called New Federalism, or Cooperative Federalism. Cooperative Federalism was created as a political model around 1937 that emphasized â€Å"teamwork† between the National and State governments. This was created to ensure that both governments would work together in order to provide services more efficiently in the Nation. This is why Cooperative Federalism is appealing to this day and still exercised, because the U.S. has stillRead MoreThe Federalism Of The United States1119 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans utilize the Federalism idea as putting into effect the Con stitution for Federal, State, and Local governments. These areas are served as different areas with different needs and goals within the federalist theory. The National Government has expressed powers over the nation and subjects that effect our nation. The State has limited powers that are involved within the State’s boundaries. The local government is expressed to help regulate the states. All together the governments make one

`` The Bright Stuff `` By President Woodrow Wilson The...

President Woodrow Wilson once declared that â€Å"friendship [was] the only cement that will ever hold the world together†. Human beings form massive networks, tied together by fine threads, like a web. Those relationships revolving around us are expanded by pollination, as meeting friends of friends rapidly increases one’s social network. The importance of understanding human interactions rises in accordance with the continuous changes in our environment. Nowadays, scientific researches interested in the friendship process explore its motivations, applications and adaptation to evolution. Indeed, the dramatic arrival of social medias enlarges the scope of interactions and modifies the perception human beings hold toward the concept of†¦show more content†¦Indeed, the release of oxytocin and endorphins brings a feeling of well-being to individuals, as they maintain physical contacts (38). In addition, social grooming involving the release of endorphins, groomin g activities like sharing laughs, singing and dancing effectively generate positive feelings to the mind and body (Dunbar 36). Because interactions provide such a comfort to individuals, reciprocity consists in a major cause of the impulse toward human affinity (Brent 38). In addition, when cortisol, the stress hormone, is liberated due to loneliness, it triggers the desire to â€Å"seek out for social contact† and resolves the isolation issue for one’s health condition (39). Likewise, mostly since the emergence of social medias, a sense of belongingness and community is spread out on the society, encouraging individuals to join the entity (Bond 42). Bond conveys that human beings â€Å"feel what the world feels†, as the group suddenly swells to an unlimited scale (42). In brief, because of the predispositions to friendship, mankind has developed an addiction for social contacts. Nevertheless, the use of social medias involves disputable risks in modern friendships. In effect, the rewarding property of virtual friendships diverges from the one of real-life bonds. Misinterpretations represent the main conflict in virtual ties (Bond 42). Most importantly, the intended

Teaching Students With Special Needs - 1740 Words

We live in a world where we exclude people who are different and that needs to change not only in the workplace, but also school. Students with special needs have always been separated from a regular classroom. By including special needs children, this will help the student not only thrive in academics but also in life by gaining social and technical skills. Students will feel like they are part of a regular classroom and are not excluded because of their disability. By students having a regular learning environment they can start to master particular content and skills. Parents are scared because they have many questions that they don’t feel like are being answered. For example, â€Å"are there children going to be getting the attention needed in a general education classroom?† and â€Å"are there effective methods for students with disabilities to accommodate to in an inclusive setting?†. These students will not receive the support needed but with inclusion the y will have the services needed in a regular classroom. General education teachers will receive the supportive resources in their classroom and will be prepared for having special needs children in their classrooms. If we keep students separated from regular classrooms we are not allowing them to thrive. Special needs students are not pushed to their full potential because they are put into a classroom that clusters all ages and teaches to all students at once. There are many issues that come with inclusion. An issue withShow MoreRelatedTeaching Students With Special Education Needs Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesPreparing Teachers to Teach Students with Special Education Needs Who is responsible for teaching students with special educational needs? If this question had been posed 20 years ago, 10 years ago, or even 5 years ago, what would have been the answer? While the answer may once have been the special education teacher, today it is not quite so clear. Within the last four decades there has been a push to include all students in the classroom so that all students are provided the same educational opportunitiesRead More Teaching Special Needs Students Essay3062 Words   |  13 PagesTeaching Special Needs Students My purpose for this paper is to find and list web sites that will assist teachers who are teaching special needs students. As more special needs students are entering the classroom, teachers need more and better information on teaching them. The purpose of this paper will be to enable teachers access to information about teaching these students in the field of Geography. It is my endeavor to create a list that will span most grades that will be helpful toRead MoreBenefits Of Co Teaching For Students With Special Education1189 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrated Co-teaching is two or more teachers delivering instruction at the same time in the same physical space to a heterogeneous group of students (Friend and Cook, 2004). A student with special needs has the right to a free and appropriate public education. This is mandated under the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA 2004). This law also states that a student should be educated in their least restrict environment. Ideally, this w ould be the general education classroom. Co-teaching was designedRead MoreInclusion Of Students With Mental Disabilities1551 Words   |  7 Pages Inclusive teaching is a term that expresses a commitment to teaching children with physical, mental, and learning disabilities in the classroom they would attend otherwise (to the greatest extent possible). In inclusive schools, support services are brought to the students as opposed to them leaving class to receive the help they require. This paper is going to focus on the inclusion of students with mental disabilities who are usually separated in special education classrooms. For parents and educatorsRead MoreCollaborative Teaching And Inclusive Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education settings provide an exclusive service to students who are physically or mentally challenged. There are many creative, and innovative teaching approaches and techniques developed these days to facilitate learners with special needs. Focusing to expand their learning outcomes I have decided to choose Collaborative Teaching and Inclusive Education as the most effective evidence-based strategy. As a matter of fact, the understandings and mastering of the strategies are crucial beforeRead MoreSpecial Needs : Teaching Needs1573 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching Special Needs What I Already Know / What I wanted to Know â€Å"Well, I only became a special needs teacher because all the teachers that your father had when he was in school all told him that he will never learn to read after he was diagnosed with severe dyslexia. So when he was put in special needs for his dyslexia, I started going to school to become a special needs teacher.† my grandmother told me. This made me start to wonder why he couldn’t just stay in the normal classroom and have justRead MoreSpecial Education And Special Education Teachers1160 Words   |  5 Pagesschool officials, and staff to ensure success for each individual student. Collaborative teaching is successful way to teach and it has many benefits for the student. Special education teachers collaborate with general education teachers, school administrators parents and guardians, and school psychologist. Normally today in most schools, teachers work isolated which means it is one teacher to a classroom. Students with special needs and disabilities back in the day were taught in separate and isolatedRead MoreCareer in Special Education Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn the profession of a special education teacher, a person commits to helping children achieve their best and to help â€Å"students overcome their obstacles† while finding a way that the child can effectively learn (Hollingsworth). My mom’s career as special education teacher for twenty-two years, allows me insight and experience into the tougher aspects of this career, but also the rewards to the job. My mom helps me understand that a special education teacher guides a child to expand their strengthsRead MoreBecoming A Teacher Is Charged With The Responsibility Of Imparting Knowledge And Skills864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe responsibility of imparting knowledge and skills that allow for continued ability of students to impact positively in the world. In the history, CTE teachers bore the responsibility of teaching and preparing students to meet the demands of the labor market (Wang, 2011). My teaching philosophy is aimed at improving teaching and learning methods to allow for acquiring of skills that will give the students a competitive edge in the labor market and ensure job sustainability. My philosophy is inRead MoreSchools In The Present-Day Society Are Constantly Shifting1294 Words   |  6 Pagesenactment of inclusion is heavily connected by all students, teachers and parent’s attitudes whether they are voiced positively or negatively. Even though inclusion in classrooms is growing rapidly, there is little data to support its effectiveness. The lack of evidence may be because inclusion is beneficial to a child s social and reading skills more so than any other area. To have inclusion implemented correctly is important for the teaching staff, parents and school administra tors to learn the

American Intellectual History Free Essays

The nations of the world are shaped by a plethora of events and ideas. Just as any human being is a product of circumstances and ideas that he encounters similarly is the case of nations. The intellectuals of a nation are like potters shaping the destiny of the multitudes that inhabit their lands. We will write a custom essay sample on American Intellectual History or any similar topic only for you Order Now They themselves are products of ideas of intellectuals before them and in turn leave their imprints on the sand of times and are a source of inspiration for others. The tumultuous changes that were taking place in the era that Bellamy inhabited animates and is a source of inspiration for his literary works . American polity and social order were undergoing constant change . The old order which was representative of slavery, denigration of women and industrial capitalism was being replaced by a new social order . American society was witnessing a spurt in problems and hence we see that epoch witness a multitude of reformers. The novel looking backward is an identifying hallmark of the writer Edward Bellamy. Initially it generated little interest later on it catapulted to being the bestseller of its time. The social inequities of the nineteenth century always haunted Edward. Even as a young lad of 18 his soul was stirred by the problems that the social machinery of the ancient industrial system was creating . There have been many writers trying the genre of utopian writings like Thomas Moore, David Hume but few have shown so much commitment to the ideals of the utopian society as Edward Bellamy. Human beings have always been anticipating the prospects of a perfect future as the present condition of society is unjust. It is an escape from the contemporary society were corruption was rife poverty slavery child labor was the order of the day. The future of America is depicted as society where the difference between the rich and the poor is mitigated as there is equal distribution of wealth. The industries are not controlled by a few men of eminence but they are in the hands of the nation. The writer’s preoccupation with nationalism makes him envisage the state machinery as he savior of mankind. The unpretentious style and the use of commonplace language and immaculate images of the utopian society are some of the aspects of the novel which are responsible for its popularity. The plot and the story of the novel seems to be unique as it seems to be an implementation of the ideals of Christianity and secular thought in a future time. Writer’s mind is like cauldron where ideas and thoughts prevalent in the society make unique dish. The ideas and the thought process of any individuals are shaped by the people around him and the movements that are invigorating the minds of writers, philosophers and intellectual. Similarly Edward Bellamy’s philosophical ideas are shaped by those of predecessor. Orestes Brownson was an important influence on him as the novel gives a political and a religious solution to the ills of society. He was primarily thought to be a religious thinker whose world view encapsulates the political system of the American society . Democracy needs to follow the guidelines of the catholic creed so as to restrict individualism which threatens to undermine the bonds of communities. American nation evolved as result of the simultaneous influence religious and secular ideas. He had fears that the individual pride is constantly becoming emboldened and the loftier virtues of love and the concern for fellow human being is lost in the urge betterment of ones life. According to Brownson â€Å"A republic can stand only as it rests upon the virtues of the people; and these not the mere natural virtues of worldly prudence and social decency, but those loftier virtues which are possible to human nature only as elevated above itself by the infused habit of supernatural grace. † (â€Å"Brownson’s Works, 10:17-37)The utopia of Bellamy presents a perfect picture of a strong nation in which the individual‘s baser self like an unrelenting quest for material wellbeing is subsumed in the collective effort or maintaining that perfect elysian state. He was constantly preoccupied with the idea of nation as solutions to the problems of society. A strong nation with its individuals trained like a disciplined military is presented as a solution for the problems of his contemporary society. Strikes were a big issue in the Edwards contemporary society and it finds a solution in his utopian novel where everybody is prosperous due to the fact that selfishness is replaced by brotherly concern. These moral high grounds have their root in Christianity which is adhered to by both Orestes and Bellamy . The future of America is safely ensconced in Catholicism. The influence of the idea of nation was imported from Europe. The crystallization of the ideas of a nation took place during civil wars in America. Emerson a liberal and a strong proponent of individual rights started laying more emphasis on standing up for the nation’s freedom and sovereignty as the civil wars were threatening the existence of America. Brownson was a disillusioned by the liberal ideas o f individual aspiration and became a staunch proponent of conservatism which believes in preserving order . Society’s wellbeing is given preference over individuals hope and aspiration. Looking back has protagonist who has slept more than 100 years and he opens his eyes into a perfect society which is made economically viable as the state is given full control of the industries . Brownson can be best described as a religious political conservatism. Julian west questions are answered by Dr leetes His explanations express the vision of the writer and the influence of Orestes Brownson is evident in the fact there is emphasis on strengthening of nation as the reason for fact that now the workers are no more going on a strike; â€Å"The nation, that is to say, organized as the one great business corporation in which all other corporations were absorbed; it became the one capitalist in the place of all other capitalists, the sole employer, the final monopoly in which all previous and lesser monopolies were swallowed up, a monopoly in the profits and economies of which all citizens shared† (Bellamy 24-47) Brownson participated in the brook farm and it reflects the age old aspiration of practically putting ones ideas to a test . The same can be said about Looking back . Edward Bellamy is trying to show that how his political religious and economic ideas can be practically implemented in a society. Brownson was born in the transitional phase and they formed a reform party which instead of relegating the church to the background was thought to be the machinery through which social reform could be brought about. The instability in the times of these writers is reflected in the fact that the intellectuals are constantly experimenting with different modes of Christianity . He stated his pastoral career as Universalist then moved to Unitarianism. Finally he espoused Catholicism He is opposed to Brownsons stand point that human beings are essentially sinful . One of the reasons of writing looking back is the belief that innate goodness of man is a corollary of formation of a perfect state of being . Bellamy is a believer in the dissociation of personality for there is no sameness between our present and past personalities but only a graduated differentiation. † (Morgan, 56) Memory is not a sufficient qualifier for identity . We are constantly in flux adorning one personality after another . According to Bellamy it is the core of the being which is responsible for stringing together the different identities . Julian West’s hypnotic sleep is an example of dissociation of personality which is constant preoccupation of Edward. I sat up thus in bed staring about, without being able to regain the clue as to who he was. Brownsons saw individuality as the root cause of disintegration of society. There is similar charge against Bellamy that individual identity was sacrificed for the attainment of the perfect state. There is compartmentalization of the individual the bad aspects like greed, competition, and amassing wealth in the hands of few is banished and the superior self which is reflection of the pristine image of God is allowed to reign. The end result of this enterprise is an era of tranquility. Social problems are completely routed from the face of the earth Man and society is perfectly matched in that millennium of utopian society. The fear of poverty has been vanquished as all the industries were in the hands of the state and thus there was no class conflict. The strong robust state and Christian socialism are reminiscent of the Brownsonian influence on Edward Bellamy. Origin of species by Charles Darwin was published in 1859and it heralded an era of skepticism and transformed the perspective of the way we look at life. According to Vergilius Ferm: â€Å"Truly, the year 1859, in which appeared Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species, marks a turning point in Western thought† (1936, p. 307). God was banished from the world view of man . There is complete paradigm shift from the philosophy of man’s purposeful existence to his being on this cosmos as result of chance and subsequent selection . The creed of competing with one another for resources as the ultimate goal makes man an equivalent to animals and the most interesting aspect of the theory of natural selection is that it justifies greed as natural and a beneficial prospect because it leads to the selection of the fittest individuals. Bellamy was a staunch critique of Charles Darwin’s theory and its implication on the social ethics of industrial capitalism . His novel Looking Back provides an alternative to this rat race of outpacing each other with an impulse for self sacrifice and unselfishness. Struggle for survival has no place in the society depicted in the novel as the inequalities are removed . The state controls all the industries. It is surprising that both these intellectuals who are preaching completely different dogmas are proposing that evolution is the process to reach the culmination of human prowess. Bellamy writes his utopia where evolution is employed to reach that perfect Elysian state. Looking back provides an insight into that perfect state that is achievable only when brotherly loves and unselfishness becomes a creed. Chaos brutality and lack of human concern is substituted by love and generosity. Many social Darwinists like Graham Sumner criticize the utopian model as laid back attitude and wishful thinking by saying it is the greatest folly of which a man can be capable to sit down with a slate and pencil to plan out a new social world Bellamy constantly uses the notion of a nation as an alternative to the industrial competition of his times. Then the national party arose to carry it out by political methods. â€Å"Indeed, it could not well have had any other name, for its purpose was to realize the idea of the nation with a grandeur and completeness never before conceived, touching tree whose leaves are its people, fed from its veins, and feeding it in turn. † (Bellamy, 183) He deliberately uses the metaphor of plant to describe nature as the leaves of a tree are symbolic of the members of society who are living in a peaceful coexistence. The general health and wellbeing of the members of society is dependent on the heath of the trunk which is the supporting system. The metaphor of a tree is very often used in bible and it is vey often used at the critical juncture of man’s destiny. Adam lost his ethereal existence because he ate from the forbidden tree. The novel derives its motivation from the doctrine of Christian socialism. Therefore the metaphors and the language reflect the theological preoccupation of the author. There is a deliberate of the Darwinian metaphor of an animal . The very existence of one another is dependent on elimination of the animal of lesser prowess. The revolution that is presented in the utopia is a bloodless one. The foremost objection to the utopian ideal of equality is that it will produce in activity in the members of such a society as concept of competing with one another is lost is . Dr leetes answer to Julian West settles this question that the urge to work remains as result of the fact that the imaginations of the people is fired by passion for humanity and service to nation . It doesn’t mean that Bellamy is not influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection but the whole edifice of the Darwinian module is modified . There is evolution in the society Women are exonerated of their household duties They are also assigned jobs but the working hours are less as they have to perform the task of building the character of the future generation . There is no exploitation of women and they receive equal remuneration. One of the offshoots of natural selection is sexual selection but in the utopia of Bellamy the economic basis of anything has no meaning. Therefore marriages take place due to love for each other not because of economic standing of the individuals. The discovery of utopia of novel begins with the protagonist query about the industrial problem plaguing America. The answer to this question reveals the amount of the influence of the Darwinian concept of evolution . Dr Leete explains that this pathological condition was resolved by industrial evolution. Origins of species laid the foundation of biological evolution of man but it brought about revolution in almost all walks of life . These concept are both repudiated and incorporated in the novel but the concept of evolution undergoes refinement as it is cast in the theological mould. The model of biological evolution provided a justification for the superiority of the white race . Strangely enough Bellamy who is at loggerhead with the concept of evolution of species is in complete sync with idea that the racial superiority of the west is a result of the survival of the fittest. The law of necessity is replaced by laws of morality . Many intellectuals were profoundly affected by the postulates of Darwin . But it is misleading to believe that he is social Darwinist in fact he was a critic if Darwin’s postulates in origin of species . He has used the model of Darwinian evolution and reshaped it with love as the underlying force for achieving perfection. William Graham Sumner started his career as clergymen and returned as professor of political and social sciences . He believed in the persistence of inequalities in societies as material progress is dependent upon open competition . He saw government as a necessary evil as it defends us from the different vices prevalent in our society. It curbs individuals’ liberty and freedom He was a social Darwinist and was critical of Bellamy‘s impractical plans. â€Å"The history of the human race is one long story of attempts by certain persons and classes to obtain control of the power of the State so as to win earthly gratifications at the expense of others†(Sumner . n. p) The nation replaces the industrial capitalism of the contemporary times in the Bellamy’s utopia . Sumner believed in giving maximum freedom to the industrial capitalism of his times whereas Looking back provides a replacement of this system as it is thought to be the root cause of all the evils of society . The social condition of the impoverished working class didn’t need any reformers as it was natural. He was against any kind of government intervention to alleviate the condition of the suffering masses . He is a believer in the fact that material success is indicative of a persons capabilities. (Boland. n. p) As far as this is concerned they are at opposing end. Bellamy is for reforms and equal opportunity and pay for all the members of society . William Sumner was against the occupation of Spain by the Americans and this idea finds a echo in the novel as was he was against the occupation of Spain by the Americans and this idea finds a echo in the novel. Dr Leete denounces the act of aggrandizement â€Å"Are they France, England, Germany, or hunger, cold, and nakedness? In your day governments were accustomed, on the slightest international misunderstanding, to seize upon the bodies of citizens and deliver them over by hundreds of thousands to death and mutilation, wasting their treasures the while like water. † The American society was facing a lot of upheavals and industrial revolution brought urbanization and a variety of problems . The publishing of Darwin’s origin of species had raised many uncomfortable questions and many movements arose to establish the kingdom of God upon earth . These movements also brought changes in the established religions and creeds. Solomon Washington Gladden sermons can be seen as the earliest example of The social gospel movement . It tried address the problems of the slums of Ohio and brought the workers of 1877 strike to a peaceful negotiation. The proponents of this movement believed in a confluence of Christian dogma with politics . They predicted a brighter picture of tomorrow. Looking back seems to be presenting the same kind of mixture of morality and politics and a prospect of a perfect future. Like the social gospel movement the novel gives a concrete shape to the hope of a better tomorrow. The concept of brotherly love and helping the poor is not an anathema to the Christian doctrine but rather it was revived as the Victorian society was facing excess of moral violation of individuals in industrial capitalism . Bellamys combination of socialism and religiosity can be as seen an offshoot of the social gospel reform movement as any individual is a product of its time . The thought process of literary artists are shaped by the distillation of ideas his period. The thought process of an individual is not shaped in vacuum . They are either a result of the reaction of doctrines that are prevalent in that period or an influence of other contemporary writers and philosophers. Genius don’t produce ides out of blue but it unique process of synthesis of ideas floating through that particular age . Early century and the great depression saw different intellectuals trying to lay the principles on which the society could get rid of its problem and the kingdom of god was to be established which would transcend competitive and exploitative industrialism of the contemporary American society. Looking is an endeavor on part of Bellamy to show that such ideas are viable and practical. It is practical guide to establishment of a society based on the postulate of the egalitarian principles o social Christianity. The social reform movements from 1820 to 1860 show a distrust of establishes social systems. The gospel reform movement saw that for the first time the various denomination of the church came together in a joint venture to eradicate the problems of society . This dream of unification of various sects of Christianity is realize in the novel Looking back . Julian asks Mr Barton about the reason of disappearance of various sects The answer was that passionate impulse of brotherly love was responsible for the founding of a nobler social order as the root cause of this unification Crisis in the American society was seen as initiative to accomplish the necessary changes . The whole novel can be seen as an attempt to forsee and how to practically implement those changes in society. The turn of the century saw massive problems like unemployment, abuse of corporate powers, poverty, crime, and corruption, influx of immigrants, child labor and massive depression. These problems gave rise to a reform movement which was termed as the progressive movement. Progressive movement was a natural succession to the progressive movement. The youth of middle class rose to the occasion with a firm faith in fact that every problem has a solution. These problems can be put to end by the educated class . Education and specially women education received special stress . Consequently women rights were promoted and they started entering the job market as clerks and did other menial duties . Edward Bellamy in his novels gave women a lot of rights by the contemporary standards. They received equal pay despite the fact that they were working for fewer hours . Another hallmark of this period is the demand of voting rights by women. The social order of Bellamy’s utopian world assigns equal but different roles to women. The feminist of the contemporary period like Charlotte Perkins Gilman agree with is assessment. The whole progressive movement resolved around that man has a inherent quality in him to improve his lot . It was rejection of the social Darwinism. The other problem that the progressives tried to address was the end of slavery . The abolitionist movement tried to eradicate this problem . The utopian model stresses equality as the focal point and it is achieved through the equal pay for all the individuals. It is very important to note that the progressive movement is accused of not addressing the problems of racial discrimination And Bellamy was under the influence of Herbert Spencer who saw the whites as superior race as result of it being the fittest and the most ablest race . The progressive s believed that the state can play a pivotal role in solving the numerous problems that the American society is experiencing . The authors are sensitive to trails and the tribulations of society and hence this is exactly the reason hat the fiction is trying to present a solution which is representative of the progressive ideology that state can help in the establishment of the heavenly state . The novel also presents the idea of the unification of the various denominations of Christianity and it is reflection of the fact that various creeds of Christianity rose under this reform movement to address the problems that was destroying the moral fabric of the society. Frederick Winslow Taylor can be best described as synthesizer of the thoughts of his times and he gave a solution to the problem of optimizing the productivity of the workers. There was almost a mechanical stress on using scientific precision to improve the skills needed to perform a task in the industry . Years of apprentice ship is replaced by this mechanical process. This has a fleeting similarity to the Edwardian concept of building an army of workers. The dramatic improvement in the productivity was result of his innovation in the field of industrial engineering . He is accused of dehumanizing the modern industries . There needs a change in the attitude of the workers to optimize the industrial production according to him change â€Å"consists of the complete revolution in the mental attitude and the habits of all those engaged in the management, as well of the workmen†(Taylor . pg131) Bellamy’s utopia presents the concept that the productivity is going to increase as result of passion for nation. Edward Bellamy has been unnecessarily been accused of being influenced by the Marxist concept of utopian world and he was for quite sometimes rolling the idea of the perfect state of life in his mind . It was published 40 years before the it . The author himself had a disliking for the class conflict and a Godless society In one of his public lectures he gave vent to his urge to write about his passion for heavenly existence â€Å"It is an undiscovered country, no community of men has ever essayed its elysian climes, no human foot step has ever trod its shores. The faith of humanity points to its existence. But I know that it exists, and we must find it. †¦ † (Taken from Bellamy’s 2nd lyceum address of 1872). He gave a concrete shape to all his ideas of an ideal society in his novel â€Å"looking backward†. The impact of the novel on the minds of men can be gauge from the fact that this novel gave rise to a nationalist movement . Columbia university requested philosopher John Dewey historian Charles Beard and editor of The Atlantic monthly Edward Week to prepare a list of writers who exercised a huge influence on society Edward Bellamy’s Looking back came second on all the three list and it was preceded by Marx’s Das capital. The novel brought about a change in the thinking of men in all walks of life . The ideas in the novel acted as spring board for other writers to develop and broaden the horizon of human intellect. The idea that social injustice is caused by human struggle for physical as well as economic need for a better status launched Veblen’s provocative and creative career. Allen white the renowned American News Paper editor himself admitted to being shaped by the intellectual outpourings of this novel. â€Å"He feels indebted to the thrill that he encountered while reading the novel when he was young and the change of heart from the being a conservative to being open minded about the various problems plaguing the contemporary society. He also acknowledges the fact that many youngsters of his time had a similar experience . It was the talk of the town The list of individuals effect by Bellamy’s monumental work Looking backwards is endless . It not only affected the individual members of society but also infused fresh blood into the intellectual thought process of his times . The ideas of social injustice derived from a race for economic betterment came into the forefront. He is a writer who inspires people and draws lines on which others can move forward on their intellectual journey. The novel is a presentation of social and economic order which is given serious consideration by experts in the respective fields. The economist H. Stanley Jevons says: â€Å"I have gained more from Bellamy than from any single author. He deserves more attention from economists than he has received. The economic system he outlines does stand a rigid examination for workability in its essential features in his treatise. † The novel presents economic equality in the co-operative commonwealth Despite the fact that the novel deals with utopia it has been not whisked away to be a wishful thinking but has been put to a practical implication The nationalist movement started with the formation of the first nationalist club of Boston in 1888 . The chief characteristics of this movement were unselfishness and it invigorates an enthusiasm for humanity. The individuals of society don’t compete with each other rather they co-operated with each others. It adopted a tolerant attitude towards people who would be critical of this movement. Patriotism was a highly cherished ideal of this movement . Social reforms had to taken up by a nation so as to reap its harvest. Works Cited Auerbach Am Lit Hist. (1994); â€Å"The Nation Organized†: Utopian Impotence in Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://alh. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/reprint/6/1/24 Boland joseph(1995)U. S political thought . retrieved http://www. uoregon. edu/~jboland/lect_12. html Richard A. Spurgeon (1997). The Religious Ethics of Edward Bellamy and Jonathan Edwards. Journal of Utopian Studies. Vol 8. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. questia. com/googleScholar. qst? docId=5000543586 Bellamy, Edward. (2000) Looking Backward. Applewood books. ISBN-10: 155709506X Native Americanism† (Brownson’s Works, 10:17-37). retrieved Sumner, William Graham. Essays of William Graham Sumner. Ed. Albert G. Keller and Maurice R. Davie. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale UP, 1934 retrieved http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-56061945. html Wilmot Chester,the struggle for Europe 1954 pg 477 SCOTT McLEMEE â€Å"Back to the Future† December 24, 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. nytimes. com/books/00/12/24/bookend/bookend. html Vergillus, Ferm, (1936), First Adventures in Philosophy (New York: Charles Scribner Sons). Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. apologeticspress. org/rr/reprints/Impact-of-Evolutionary-Philosop. pdf W. Taylor, Frederick Scientific Management, pg 131. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. skymark. com/resources/leaders/taylor. asp How to cite American Intellectual History, Papers

Indonesian Education Writing Essay Example For Students

Indonesian Education Writing Essay Scientific Writing E Indonesian Education Weaknesses l. There are three weaknesses of Indonesian education. II. The first weakness is less facilities. A. We dont have sufficient learning facilities. B. Remote areas are usually unreachable of good facility. Ill. The second weakness is curriculum that always change. Indonesian education curriculum changes very often, that makes both teachers and students confused. When they are trying to understand one curriculum, government announces that there is the newest curriculum. We will write a custom essay on Indonesian Education Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now IV. The last weakness is the weak mental of Indonesian human resources. A. Teachers are not responsible enough of their students. B. Cheating is tradition. V. Some weaknesses of Indonesian such as less facility, curriculum that always changes and the weak mental of Indonesian human resources should be overcome to improve our education. Many people say that our education is worse than our neighbor countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. It is caused by some weaknesses that our education has. There are three main weaknesses of Indonesian education. The first weakness is less socialites. It Is commonly known that we dont have sufficient education facilities both buildings and other needs that support the teaching and learning processes. There are so many school buildings that unproven to use. The condition of the buildings are very bad, and some of them are harmful, because they can collapse anytime. Beside the buildings, we should concern of our teaching and learning facilities. We dont have enough learning media for the students, especially for they who live in remote area. They who live In suburban cant hold teaching and learning process properly nice they have no effective media. Moreover, in some places the students should struggle to get education. They have to walk for many kilometers to reach their school. They should cross the river, walk through the forest, only to get minimal education. The second weakness is the curriculum that always changes. As everybody knows, Indonesian education curriculum changes very often. Even there is a Joke that says different minister, different curriculum, which means that curriculum changes as the education minister changes too. Government states that he curriculum is changed for teachers and students goodness. In contrast, this change only burdens both teachers and students. When they are trying to understand one curriculum, the government announces that there Is the newest curriculum. It means that teachers, students, and they who work in educational field t Off snouts learn Ana apply ten newest curriculum, walkout unreasoning winy It changes again. They Just follow the governments rules. The last weakness of our education is the weak mental of Indonesian human resources, especially they who include in educational field. For example, some teachers are not responsible enough of their students. They dont really care of what their students do, they dont worry when their students do not understand of what they teach or explain. Some teachers consider that it is enough to teach the students, without checking whether they understand or not and without knowing the students acquisition. Another example of the weak mental of our people is cheating. Some students consider that cheating is common, and it is such kind of our education tradition. Penthouse they are earned by the teachers, they keep cheating. They dont have confidence to do the test by thrillers. Three Indonesian education weaknesses above are real. The first weakness that is the less facilities usually happens in suburban area. Next weakness is the curriculum that changes very often only makes teachers, students, and many others who work in educational field feel confused. The last is the weak mental of our people, such as teachers who are not responsible of their students acquisition. Those three weaknesses should be overcome to improve our education.

Importance of Science Causality in Nature

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Sciencefor Causality in Nature. Answer: Introduction In acquiring knowledge, there are three approaches that are used one is the use of science, the second issue of the past knowledge and the third is the imaginations of how the world needs to look like. When we take the consideration of the scientific method of acquiring knowledge, one needs to go in search of knowledge from a wide range of perspectives (Lambert Black, 2012). One would be required to observe thing for quite some time and then give a description of what they saw. This way of observing cannot actually give a profound meaning of the reasons things look the way they are. It requires that an individual goes a step further and performs some experiments to understand what already exists and get insights deep into what is not known (Shrader-Frechette, 2012). Additionally, an observer using the scientific method needs to review the works that have been done by other people initially so as to understand the gaps that exist in the specific field related to the research of inter est. This is because, in science, an idea needs to be novel to prevent it from clashing with other ideas in the same field. One needs to gather all the confidence simply because various ideas are likely to arise from the same area of science but they need to mix to get a detailed understanding of the facts (Barton Haslett, 2007). This is the reason as to why scholars believe that science is not complete but rather it continues to develop the understanding of things by people becomes deeper and deeper. This paper aims at understanding the importance of science in getting relationships of things, answering questions and testing the effectiveness of treatments. Science is the Best Way to Answer Questions Science, therefore, is said to give a clear understanding of all questions that human being might raise. It answers all manner of questions such as real, false and empty questions raised by all manner of people in different professions. Without science, the human race would just be lost in darkness. In some instances, when someone asks whether science is important to our existence, this would sound as if someone actually living a life of an animal wearing clothes. It gives an explanation of why we exist, the place we live and what human beings are made up of. Science is the way to go because it gives a manner in which people can pursue creativity which lacks biases and uses a clear method for getting the truth in nature (Windschitl et al., 2008). Science helps people to understand nature in a rational way because it brings a distinction between facts and beliefs. Through the facts associated with the use of scientific methods, then the society has broken its self from the bondage of social and religious beliefs which cannot actually answer some questions in real life. Through science, the people are able to get a sense regarding the physical world in which they live in. with regards to the aspect of fullness in terms of time, the scientific methods have been used in very robust ways in the society. These contributions of science have actually brought a complete conversion of the traditional societal settings into the modern world that we live today. Based on the issues that the human beings encounter day by day and the need to get their solutions, science becomes important because the issues addressed are based on scientific methods and evidence. For instance, the issue of onset of diseases is very dangerous to the productivity of the nations (Ford, 2000). When a disease strikes, it's the scientific methods which are used to study the epidemiological patterns of the said disease pathogen. Lab experiments are set out and closely monitored to the end. With the advent of molecular biology and microbiology, all of which are scientific methods, it has been possible to control most of the devastating diseases in the world. This is through cloning and culture methods which have led to the development of drugs and vaccines for controlling both the fungal, bacterial and viral infections. Sometimes we tend to lose the way and instead of explaining how important it is, we tend to discourage the young children and students by telling them how difficult the study of science is. Any professionals in science are scientists because at some point they were curious about something in nature. Causality in Nature Science helps to offer an explanation on whether the differences observed are as a result of the manipulations done by the scientist or it was due to other natural effects. Casualty defines how a certain phenomenon which subjected under certain experimental conditions causes something else to happen (Dvorak et al., 2013). In science, experimental setups enable a scientist to get a clear difference between specific, material internal and external causes of a certain behavior or trait. The exact cause or reason as to why something behaves as it does then become a sum of all the events that interacted in some way to cause the observed effect. For instance, it is believed that when people are depressed, they tend to take alcohol while in other cases when people drink excessively, they become drunk. This cause-effect can be argued differently by a manufacturer of alcohol as well as a group which against the drinking of alcohol (Wilde, 2015). His means that it is the only use of scientific methods that a final outcome would be derived which is neutral. Science and the Effectiveness of Treatments When a dew drug is discovered, the researchers long time ago used to give a placebo (an imitation of the drug) and the actual drug to patients with the same medical conditions. This was used to determine whether recovery from the disease was because the patient had been treated by the doctor (placebo effect) or because of the actual effect of the drug. Nowadays, researchers test the effectiveness of a novel pharmaceutical compound by use of experimental laboratory animals such as mice. When the results show that the compound is effective, this is then used to carry out the trials in human beings (Zitzmann et al., 2013). Conclusion Science is therefore very important in all aspects of life in both animals, plants and human beings. It would be advisable to take the scientific methods in order to get answers to all sorts of questions. References Barton, J., Haslett, T. (2007). Analysis, synthesis, systems thinking and the scientific method: rediscovering the importance of open systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 24(2), 143-155. Dvorak, R. D., Lamis, D. A., Malone, P. S. (2013). Alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity as risk factors for suicide proneness among college students. Journal of affective disorders, 149(1), 326-334. Ford, E. D. (2000). Scientific method for ecological research. Cambridge University Press. Lambert, C. G., Black, L. J. (2012). Learning from our GWAS mistakes: from experimental design to scientific method. Biostatistics, 13(2), 195-203. Shrader-Frechette, K. (2012). Risk analysis and scientific method: Methodological and ethical problems with evaluating societal hazards. Springer Science Business Media. Wilde, M. E. (2015). Causing problems: The nature of evidence and the epistemic theory of causality. Windschitl, M., Thompson, J., Braaten, M. (2008). Beyond the scientific method: Model?based inquiry as a new paradigm of preference for school science investigations. Science education, 92(5), 941-967. Zitzmann, M., Mattern, A., Hanisch, J., Gooren, L., Jones, H., Maggi, M. (2013). IPASS: a study on the tolerability and effectiveness of injectable testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism in a worldwide sample of 1,438 men. The journal of sexual medicine, 10(2), 579-588.